AUT Journal of Mathematics and Computing

AUT Journal of Mathematics and Computing

Automated ICD-11 Coding with Pre-trained LLM Models: Leveraging Prompt-Based Learning

Document Type : Original Article

Author
Ilam University
10.22060/ajmc.2025.24401.1417
Abstract
Accurate ICD-11 coding is critical for billing, medical studies, and software communications and documentation in a clinical environment. Manual coding is not reliable and consumes a lot of time. There is limited data in the Persian language for training a language model. As such, a language model with an English dataset and a pre-trained model has been used to map sentences in Persian to model language for predicting ICD-11 codes. This reduces the reliance on Persian language datasets and greatly improves prediction accuracy for Persian. In this paper, a technique utilizing pre-trained large language models (LLMs) for ICD-11 automation in terms of patient grievances extracted from the MIMIC-IV corpus is proposed. Prompt-based training is adopted in our model, and it obtains satisfactory performance with an average F1-score of 0.90 for ICD-11 prediction. We also demonstrate the usability of our model through output in JSON format for integration into medical tools.
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Articles in Press, Accepted Manuscript
Available Online from 04 October 2026